C

C character

field descriptor meaning, 91

caching

ACC_VOLATILE modifier, field_info structure prevention of, 102

caller

term definition, 36

caload instruction, 172

casting

See also numeric

checkcast instruction, constraints, static, 120

checking types

checkcast, 174

checkcast_quick, 393

errors

AbstractMethodError, checkcast, 143

ClassFormatError, checkcast, 142

ExceptionInInitializerError, checkcast, 143

IllegalAccessError, checkcast, 143, 146

NoClassDefFoundError, checkcast, 142

VerifyError, checkcast, 142

exceptions

ClassCastException, checkcast, 175

ClassCastException, checkcast_quick, 393

invocation conversion, context, 14

not permitted between, boolean types and other types, 9

castore instruction, 173

catch clause(s)

See also exceptions

exception handling role, 36, 69

Java Virtual Machine characteristics, 70

ordering of, 70

try statement, exception handler parameter variables created by, 11

catch_type item

(Code_attribute structure), 112

"changed" bit

data-flow analysis handling, Pass 3 - bytecode verifier, 129

char type

converting int to, i2c, 233

field descriptor specification, 91

instruction set handling of, 72

arithmetic not directly supported, 75

loading from arrays, caload, 172

storing into arrays, castore, 173

term definition, 58

value range, 59

[ character

field descriptor meaning, 91

( character

method descriptor meaning, 91

) character

method descriptor meaning, 91

checkcast instruction, 174

See also instanceof instruction

constraints, static, 120

checkcast_quick instruction, 393

checking

types

checkcast, 174

checkcast_quick, 393

instanceof, 256

instanceof_quick, 401

class(es)

See also arrays; ClassFile structure; fields; interfaces; methods; subclasses; superclasses

Class object, initialization role, 47

ClassCastException, 38

classFinalize method, invoking during class finalization, 52

ClassLoader

API contract between Java Virtual Machine and, possible future changes, 144

loading performed by, 43

<clinit> special method, as class or interface initialization method name, 69

constant pool entry resolution, 140

creation and manipulation, instruction summary, 79

declaration, term definition, 24

errors

ClassFormatError, as loading process error, 39

ClassFormatError, meaning of, 43

ClassFormatError, constant pool resolution generation of, 142

NoClassDefFoundError, 48

final, term definition, 24

finalization of, 52

get static fields from

getstatic, 228

getstatic_quick, 399

getstatic2_quick, 400

initial, specifying to Java Virtual Machine, 41

initialization, process, unrecoverable runtime exceptions associated with, 39

instances

creation expression, 9

uninitialized, structural constraints on instructions, 122

loader

constant pool resolution of classes and interfaces loaded by, algorithm, 144

constant pool resolution of classes and interfaces not loaded by, algorithm, 141

members of, 25

modifiers, term definition, 24

names, name_index item (CONSTANT_Class_info structure) as reference to, 93

preparation process, unrecoverable runtime exceptions associated with, 39

put into static fields

putstatic, 327

putstatic_quick, 427

putstatic2_quick, 428

static methods

invocation instruction summary, 81

invoking, invokestatic, 265

invoking, invokestatic_quick, 410

term definition, 24

types, 9

as reference type, 61

compared with, 13

members of, 21

variable, as kind of variable, 11

verification process, unrecoverable runtime exceptions associated with, 39

class_index item

(CONSTANT_Fieldref_info structure), 95

(CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info structure), 95

(CONSTANT_Methodref_info structure), 95

ClassCastException, 38

casting conversion cause of, 19

checkcast, 175

checkcast_quick, 393

narrowing reference conversion cause of, 17

ClassCircularityError, 39, 43

anewarray, 162

checkcast, 175

getfield, 226

getstatic, 228

instanceof, 257

invokespecial, 263

invokestatic, 266

invokevirtual, 268

multianewarray, 316

new, 318

putfield, 325

putstatic, 327

ClassFile structure

See also ClassFile substructures:

access_flags item

See also general concepts: access control; security

attributes_count item

attributes table

See also general concepts: data types

constant_pool_count item;

constant_pool table;

See also general concepts: constants; data types

field_info structure

fields_count item

fields table

See also general concepts: constants; data types; fields; methods; variables

interfaces array

See also general concepts: class(es); inheritance; interfaces; superclasses; subclasses

interfaces_count item

magic item

major_version item

method_info structure

methods_count item

methods table

See also general concepts: methods; access control; threads; synchronization

minor_version item

super_class item

See also general concepts: class(es); inheritance; interfaces; superclasses; subclasses

this_class item

See also general concept: class(es)

End of See also cross references

CONSTANT_Class_info structure representation, 94

constant_pool table, Java Virtual Machine representation, 64

data storage order and types, methods that can read, 83

data types, methods that can read, 83

field_info structure access flags, 102

format

ability to read as Java Virtual Machine implementation requirement, 57

as overview, 70

(chapter), 83

integrity verification, 125

initialization methods, field_info structure access flags ignored, 104

method_info structure access flags, 104

syntax and item descriptions, 84

verification, 124

compiler and language independence, 125

operand stack manipulation constraints enforced during, 67

procedures, 125

ClassFormatError, 43

anewarray, 162

checkcast, 175

getfield, 226

getstatic, 228

instanceof, 257

invokespecial, 263

invokestatic, 266

invokevirtual, 268

multianewarray, 316

new, 318

putfield, 325

putstatic, 327

<clinit> special method

as class or interface initialization method name, 69

constant_pool table, reference to, 95

invocation of, static constraints, 120

method_info structure access flags ignored, 104

name_index item (method_info structure) reference, 105

code

blocks, synchronization, instruction summary, 81

code array, data flow analysis, 126

Code_attribute structure

constraints on, structural, 121

support required for, 107

code array

(Code_attribute structure), size and location, 111

(method_info structure)

constraints, static, 118

constraints, structural, 121

Code_attribute structure

(method_info structure), 110

code_length item

(Code_attribute structure), 111

colon (:)

descriptor grammar notation use, 90

comparing

double

dcmpg, 183

dcmpl, 183

float

fcmpg, 211

fcmpl, 211

int

if_icmp<cond>, 245

with zero, if<cond>, 247

long, lcmp, 289

reference

if_acmp<cond>, 244

with null, ifnull, ifnonnull, 249

comparisons

numerical

floating-point positive and negative zero, 59

implications of unordered NaN values, 60

compilation

code, Java Virtual Machine assembly language examples, format, 340

for the Java Virtual Machine, (chapter), 339

types, term definition, 10

completion

abnormal, term definition, 68

normal, term definition, 68

concurrency

See also threads

conditional

See also control flow

branch, instruction summary, 80

operator (?:), boolean expressions use with, 9

CONSTANT_Class_info structure

class names referenced from, 89

components and meaning, 93

super_class item, as ClassFile structure reference to a, 87

this_class item, as ClassFile structure reference to a, 87

CONSTANT_Class tag

(CONSTANT_Class_info structure), 93

CONSTANT_Double_info structure

(constant_pool table), 97

CONSTANT_Double tag

(CONSTANT_Double_info structure), 98

CONSTANT_Fieldref_info structure

(constant_pool table), 94, 95

CONSTANT_Fieldref tag

(CONSTANT_Fieldref_info structure), 95

CONSTANT_Float_info structure

(constant_pool table), 96

CONSTANT_Float tag

(CONSTANT_Float_info structure), 96

CONSTANT_Integer_info structure

(constant_pool table), 96

CONSTANT_Integer tag

(CONSTANT_Integer_info structure), 96

CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info structure

(constant_pool table), 94

CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref tag

(CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info structure), 95

CONSTANT_Long_info structure

(constant_pool table), 97

CONSTANT_Long tag

(CONSTANT_Long_info structure), 98

CONSTANT_Methodref_info structure

(constant_pool table), syntax and item descriptions, 94

CONSTANT_Methodref tag

(CONSTANT_Methodref_info structure), 95

CONSTANT_NameAndType_info structure

class names referenced from, 89

(constant_pool table), 99

CONSTANT_NameAndType tag

(CONSTANT_NameAndType_info structure), 99

constant_pool_count item

(ClassFile structure), 85

constant_pool table

(ClassFile structure)

detailed description, 85

overview, 92

constantvalue_index item values (table), 110

tag values table, 93

CONSTANT_String_info structure

(constant_pool table), 96

CONSTANT_String tag

(CONSTANT_String_info structure), 96

CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure

attribute_name_index item

(Code_attribute structure), 111

(ConstantValue_attribute structure), 109

(Exceptions_attribute structure), 114

(LineNumberTable_attribute structure), 115

(LocalVariableTable_attribute structure), 117

(SourceFile_attribute structure), 107, 108

class names represented as, 89

(constant_pool table), 100

(name_index item), (CONSTANT_Class_info structure) as reference to a, 93

(string_index item), (CONSTANT_String_info structure) as reference to, 96

CONSTANT_Utf8 tag

(CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure), 101

constants

See also constant_pool table; literals; variables

attribute type values (table), 110

compilation of, Java Virtual Machine assembly language examples, 341

CONSTANT_Class_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 140

CONSTANT_Double_info structure

components and meaning, 98

constant pool resolution of, 149

CONSTANT_Fieldref_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 147

CONSTANT_Float_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 149

CONSTANT_Integer_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 149

CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 147, 148

CONSTANT_Long_info structure

components and meaning, 98

constant pool resolution of, 149

CONSTANT_Methodref_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 147

CONSTANT_NameAndType_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 149

constant pool, 64

frame reference, dynamic linking supported by, 67

resolution, (chapter), 139

size limitation, 136

static constraint checking, 126

CONSTANT_String_info structure, constant pool resolution of, 148

CONSTANT_Utf8_info structure

bibliographic reference, 101

constant pool resolution of, 149

CONSTANT_String_info reference, 148

descriptor_index item, CONSTANT_NameAndType_info reference, 100

name_index item, CONSTANT_NameAndType_info reference, 100

name_index item, field_info reference, 103

ConstantValue_attribute structure

field_info structure value, 103

support required for, 107

fields, 31

as interface members, 30

final, 26

floating-point

double CONSTANT_Double_info structure representation, 97

float CONSTANT_Float_info structure representation, 97

increment local variable by, iinc, 251

integer

int CONSTANT_Integer_info structure representation, 97

long CONSTANT_Long_info structure representation, 97

load and store instructions, summary, 74

pushing

double, dconst_<d>, 184

float, fconst_<f>, 212

int, iconst_<i>, 242

ldc, 291

ldc_quick, 417

long, lconst_<l>, 290

wide index, ldc_w, 292

wide index, ldc_w_quick, 418

ConstantValue_attribute structure

(field_info structure), 103, 109

constantvalue_index item

(ConstantValue_attribute structure), 109

constraints

enforcement of, by class file verifier, 151

Java Virtual Machine, component limits, 136

Java Virtual Machine code

constraints (cont.)

static, 118

structural, specification of, 121

structural, theorem prover use in checking, 124

meaning of the term `must', in instruction descriptions, 151

operand stack manipulation, 67

constructors

default, 30

instance creation procedures, 50

as instance initialization method, 69

as not members of a class, 25

parameters, as kind of variable, 11

term definition, 29

context

switching, frame use for, 66

control flow

See also threads

branch on reference comparison, if_acmp<cond>, 244

branch on int comparison, if_icmp<cond>, 245

branch on int comparison with zero, if<cond>, 247

branch on reference comparison, with null, ifnull, ifnonnull, 249

compilation of constructs

Java Virtual Machine assembly language examples, for keyword, 341

virtual machine assembly language examples, while keyword, 348

instruction summary, 80

instructions, code verification, Pass 3 - bytecode verifier, 128

unconditional goto

goto, 230

wide index, goto_w, 231

conversions

See also numeric; primitive types;

assignment, 17

bytes item, CONSTANT_Float_info structure, algorithm, 97

casting, term definition, 19

contexts, 14

method invocation, term definition, 18

narrowing

numeric, support for, 77

numeric, impact on precision, 78

reference, term definition, 15

narrowing primitive

double to float, d2f, 176

double to int, d2i, 177

double to long, d2l, 178

float to int, f2i, 205

float to long, f2l, 206

int to byte, i2b, 232

int to char, i2c, 233

int to short, i2s, 237

long to int, l2i, 284

support for, 77

term definition, 16

numeric promotion

binary, term definition, 19

unary, term definition, 19

types, 14

instructions, 77

widening

numeric, impact on precision, 77

reference, term definition, 16

widening primitive

float to double, f2d, 204

int to double, i2d, 234

int to float, i2f, 235

int to long, i2l, 236

long to double, l2d, 282

long to float, l2f, 283

support for, 77

term definition, 16

cp_info structure

(generic form of items in the constant_pool table), 92

cp_info tags values (table), 93

creating

arrays

multidimensional, multianewarray, 316

multidimensional, multianewarray_quick, 421

primitive type, newarray, 320

reference type, anewarray, 162

reference type, anewarray_quick, 392

class instances

instruction summary, 79

new, 318

new_quick, 422

threads, 386

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Java Virtual Machine Specification

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